漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

& K$ K$ W; S: {7 Y3 j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, $ R L8 j3 r0 z( ^2 N, Z% E4 t. e! e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, # W/ P! ^ |- ^( |% Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, + C7 j$ v0 s4 m& r& |/ D; a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,6 ]. [5 k% ^* `9 C" V. Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

 

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3 S6 c: R( I8 H7 Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ( D U; w) w! U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, % a: ^5 B7 _, ^0 p1 Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, & N/ L! {4 z% q( P/ T8 h1 P( {' K: u( R/ W0 W9 v3 U& ^. o- y5 R5 C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 2 |1 m, `6 {" q# A' _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 7 Q$ W9 y/ l. ~/ m4 m0 s: Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ! ]" \: o3 o3 @8 @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, : Q5 f0 l* z: j7 `% a5 `' m, t# y7 t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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% W( A, o# V& d( ?. k, R! P# A2 f) u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, ; J( r' @2 l3 K8 U3 e! y1 P y+ Q0 n- y5 f4 I+ r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

3 i$ D( c6 t3 Y# dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, # C. A2 `6 A1 a5 ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ * D% ^3 N$ `/ ]$ |% j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ) a( _% Y$ O- x" M3 c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ l8 a( x i8 k, G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” + x" D4 p4 c' N5 J$ s V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, + L: ~; G( k, U; v& w& pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前者为因, 2 H) R x! J& t6 Q, ?6 X# A9 ~5 ^' pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, / u5 k- K u7 Q O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( y, f) [; y3 N" T3 }% \% p"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, , q8 o1 A1 l' G" M: u0 H' R: ~5 a7 b; `2 P1 U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 7 E. g% C0 b5 l1 d+ D" D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ) Z# h3 c) T5 v& ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, - S5 ?1 }6 `$ Z$ M P) C/ B2 } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: % V0 [& y3 u& p2 C* Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ 5 M# t* m: M: x. i& hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? % q8 ] ]4 o4 g3 F6 f/ s+ ~$ f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” , i. {$ x: r* c) t, B3 i0 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, / A! {6 C3 c- b4 s* L0 U- ]; p. n, s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * n6 l- x3 U; g9 M. `' V' h: B8 f7 c"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: ' N! S8 b5 Y! a, g2 \) s& M0 X7 U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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# d: p2 D, f' D& U5 t: ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 , u9 t# H( _- |1 a& v# Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, " o* x5 V1 x/ U4 I$ x5 E! cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, f2 Y; v, D# V( x8 D. m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, & l. [$ t |7 Q! Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; l6 o! w+ c/ G, I% z) P3 Z E"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, - s! ?2 m5 K( G1 [- t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ) d* b8 K" [6 W, n* P. X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里6 t* I$ a0 w" h; X; e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 8 y% y+ o- E1 L) j, ^8 ^% {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(# x9 S, K' I$ ~. @) y, [9 w4 ?: i$ B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ' v/ d# I7 Z* |* G, rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用8 f, X5 d/ @/ _6 @& M 12.0pt">, # t3 i1 V1 M R9 ?( s9 M4 j8 B"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ; A! u3 l* }4 @' M+ Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, q0 y! G4 U( g& Q- ], ~9 Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!' C) _3 j( z3 [3 @* j& O, @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ; h6 { t! {9 I- I6 M+ \' V5 g* ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 \% m& H% L1 E) L# m8 J6 c( T"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: ) B! O% ~, X( m+ @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 4 N5 F6 t. m3 p8 B1 _6 O5 s. f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, " l! o1 I y# P. o* Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , o/ ]7 q2 h7 k) R"Times New Roman"">“ ; W2 q' q0 Z' o, Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”- M( b G/ i& s( S 12.0pt"> 7 t9 C, ~: F% g; k; \( H( A"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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: Z$ e" ?& Q$ F2 Q( F% } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, $ J; |* T3 v& d7 D1 k0 U8 C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, + q2 L9 [# w' K, F! a" Q* W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - }! y* g. F9 L+ `) z: R- `"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 6 w! Z# B B' N* Q: {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ( w8 r7 o* N9 w0 Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, / N; Q" z' m* U, F4 ^/ d- h2 H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , B3 G% E) q/ L- V7 M3 C"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 3 r& a9 T* C$ P" F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” A7 D+ d/ }- `8 x9 G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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1 j6 i o1 b6 S$ {# O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 2 r c5 g- g* Z: N% l; r- ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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5 H4 [5 t: ~3 T4 @( N& l: N2 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, ! D/ E6 {6 t/ q6 H( _5 c3 w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, ; k& t0 j$ g7 a7 n* S+ l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 E6 }5 `& ]9 Y7 E$ N"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 7 M6 \0 b3 n1 I/ O1 K6 d* @& C5 \; R% ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 3 b! x* V& ]2 e/ x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * C9 c' z f! d/ u+ |2 E$ J% I4 i"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,6 p8 R( O! z, s8 R! Q6 ?, K. ?1 I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 8 I% }6 {& W. ]$ }/ C, L: | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 B' H9 Q# R7 ^ }/ }+ V"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题. |6 P7 a4 m" u7 \7 U. k" \2 ^5 q1 i12.0pt">: # x" j6 y, E& Q2 y0 H "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 9 q- R S4 t' [% O! qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " A6 T |# ]- q& S2 p2 ?3 _"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才# B/ k# a$ S5 E* F! h$ O 12.0pt">, 1 {8 Z! b' W2 ]5 [' `"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 7 B5 x" y' E( C( o8 \( F9 K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 4 C% N; a" U! d, l' o3 {7 F' L# A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, % [/ B- g! `: p" r7 v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 4 }3 t; X% } t# l8 X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题, f* X& u ?- F8 C. N( h1 K) e( U3 P12.0pt">; $ y, a- [+ T* E4 g2 t4 r% w"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, . C$ g& @' Z4 y% Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求1 l2 K. ?, M3 C* |7 U2 ] 12.0pt">: 2 Y7 W1 m- U) j; }3 H$ { "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ' E4 n7 G9 Z2 e. Q' O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: {; T& M2 L$ W( y$ s"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, " s) E. p3 i8 V3 U8 d" V+ V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 7 ~! f# f% M0 ]/ W! @: @: @2 }9 | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统" [. Q a' w! }, N0 x12.0pt">:

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5 ]9 H1 _' D! S; B0 }% k' Y, M: h" fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ & d# _2 a5 P& W4 K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” + K" L1 T0 x! @/ i* k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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+ O# y% p5 {+ V7 k; a2 N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, ; ^+ N1 J9 |& K) M+ R+ B; \: K" O+ p ~3 ^& m2 A* d. s! p6 y2 B, ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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# {: H! F$ Y7 y- D& f# t5 t% V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, % X! l7 r* ~3 e6 H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, " t: t# r& h" A$ Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, # R, Q1 c% F! m# Y vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, & d( f t8 @/ ~6 X' l5 b: K" D* h# [* {4 E/ c& p, f: T8 umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 3 U7 o1 q/ F. s: ^0 H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ! m5 {. l' h5 P q( {+ Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 9 [! V/ ?/ E* G) r0 j5 M; m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 1 Z: p4 v4 T" {5 P( f, [# V* I# R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & @9 L! R& s7 w+ O"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 9 D( O2 Y/ b$ l3 @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 7 D( i1 g6 X, u. v. ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, * D! H8 ^" O' K* E) Q( K* { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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. @1 b. d# H0 ]' M6 N4 ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,2 h) L7 u2 g- D* E# m" s# p5 t+ G9 y- yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定, N6 X! @1 R3 o3 K 12.0pt">, $ X2 t, F/ B. N# W( W "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ! a- U- o' x) o* T8 c, D# bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & ~# s) R6 e, ?$ ]5 o"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:' B# d* z; k& W3 I& O6 @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, . C% c% I# v6 N: P l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ) q* p5 K3 X& ]1 ]% Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 }2 z. D' v9 m! L"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, - {$ [6 T) N, qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 1 i7 ~3 ~/ r) h2 e" b" }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( G3 Q( }. ]) y! h" S1 y, ^"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: + i0 ^6 Q @, g9 h( |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ , S' }6 ?4 B) h2 B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 1 d$ ^# C4 D; ~- o# k% Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , P! Y3 p$ C A"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊